Method for measuring coating quality

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for measuring the quality, e.g., thickness, porosity, or corrosion rate, of a coating inside a hollow body having an opening. The method comprises attaching a probe from a coating measuring device to one end of an extender arm having a flexible portion therein, placing the probe inside the hollow body through the opening, and making the desired measurements of the coating. 
     The apparatus includes a flexible extender arm for use with a coating measuring device. The flexible extender arm comprises an elongated, substantially rigid body portion; a handle assembly connected to one end of the substantially rigid body portion; a flexible portion connected to an opposite end of the substantially rigid body portion; a coating measurement probe holder portion connected to an end of the flexible portion opposite the substantially rigid body portion; and a pull connected at one end thereof to the substantially rigid body portion and connected at an opposite end thereof to the coating measurement probe holder portion.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring thequality of a coating, e.g., its thickness, porosity, and/or corrosionrate. The invention particularly relates to a non-destructive method andapparatus for measuring the quality of a coating inside a hollow bodyhaving a small opening.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Coatings have been applied to a variety of surfaces for many purposesincluding corrosion resistance. In the electroplating, coating, andpainting industry, a coating's effectiveness as a barrier to a corrosiveenvironment is determined by measuring the coating's thickness,porosity, and/or corrosion rate. For instance, different thicknessspecifications exist for different types of coatings. ASTM StandardB733, for example, gives specifications for electroless nickel coatings,including minimum coating thickness for mild, moderate, severe, and verysevere service. On the other hand, coating porosity and corrosion ratespecifications for a particular coating are determined by the level ofprotection needed to minimize component failure or to reducecontamination in a particular industrial application or corrosiveenvironment. Thus, measurement of these parameters provides usefulinformation on the quality of the coating and can ensure long coatinglife without premature coating failure.

It is common practice to determine the quality of a particular coatingby visual inspection. For example, in the case of a coating on theinside of a gas cylinder, this is performed either with the naked eye orby using a boroscope that is connected to a computer for further imageprocessing. Visual inspection is an adequate technique to identifygrossly damaged or grossly out-of-specification coatings. However,coating defects such as high porosity, micro-cracks, or insufficientthickness cannot be determined visually. Such defects or non-complianceto coating specifications are due to variations or possible problems inthe coating process, or due to wear. And since they cannot be determinedvisually, other techniques must be used to monitor the quality of thecoating and ensure that a consistent, in-specification coating ispresent.

The thickness of a coating can be determined by several methods known inthe art. Some common methods of measuring a coating thickness includethe coulometric, beta-backscatter, eddy-current, magnetic, and opticalmeasurement method. These methods are usually classified as eitherdestructive or non-destructive.

Destructive methods require destroying the coating or the coated objectin order to measure-coating thickness. On the other hand,non-destructive methods involve measuring a coating thickness withoutdestroying the coating or the coated object, i.e., leaving the coatingor the coated object intact, and usable or reusable.

The coulometric and optical methods are considered destructivetechniques. The coulometric method involves electrolytically dissolvingthe coating to determine the coating thickness. The optical methodinvolves sectioning the coated object and examining the coatingcross-section under a microscope.

In contrast, the beta-backscatter, eddy-current, and magnetic methodsare considered non-destructive because they measure a coating thicknessby determining the change in some physical characteristic that does notrequire destroying the coating or the coated object, such as measuringthe change in the magnetic field due to the presence of the coating.

Likewise, coating porosity and corrosion rate can be measured bydestructive or non-destructive techniques. Destructive techniquesinclude chemical porosity tests, accelerated salt-spray tests, andlong-term exposure tests. Non-destructive techniques includepotentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).

Currently, the most commonly used technique for measuring the thickness,porosity, and corrosion rate of a coating inside a gas cylinder involvesdestructively sectioning a portion of the cylinder to provide access toits interior surface so that the measurements can be made. This isbecause commercially available, non-destructive measuring devices arenot designed to make measurements in the confined geometry of a gascylinder which only has a small opening. In addition to rendering thegas cylinder unusable, sectioning takes a relatively long time and wouldbe unsuitable for production-run quality control of a coating process.

Generally, the non-destructive methods have been designed as bench-labtechniques and usually accommodate small, exterior-coated samples. Theultrasonic and magnetic methods, however, have been employed inhand-held instruments with small probes that can be used in the field tomeasure the thickness of a coating on large structures such as bridges,piping, and tanks. Magnetic testers have also been commerciallydeveloped with telescopic arms to measure the coating thickness inhard-to-reach places, such as under highway bridges or inside processpiping.

The telescopic arm of these magnetic testers, however, cannoteffectively reach inside a hollow body with a single small opening, suchas a gas cylinder or a pressure vessel, to make a measurement. Thus,objects having such a geometry present a unique technical problem. Theproblem arises because the coating test probe employed by thesetechniques not only has to fit inside the hollow body through a narrowopening, but must also make physical contact with the coated surfaceinside the hollow body within certain angles. Commercially availabletelescopic arm probes may fit into the hollow body. However, they arenot flexible enough to make physical contact with the interior surfaceof the hollow body having a small diameter opening at a perpendicularangle to make a coating measurement.

Similarly, portable electrochemical equipment has been designed to allowcorrosion rate measurement in process piping. However, the equipmentrequires special probes that are screwed into the side of the pipe toallow access to the interior, corrosive liquid. The measured corrosionrate of the probe is then correlated to the corrosion rate of theinterior piping material or coating. Obviously, attaching such a probeto a gas cylinder would also be destructive to the gas cylinder.

In view of the foregoing, there is a need in the art for anon-destructive method and apparatus for measuring the quality of acoating inside a hollow body having a narrow or a small opening. Thereis also a need for a method and apparatus for measuring the quality ofthe coating in such hollow bodies accurately and in a short period oftime.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide anon-destructive method and apparatus for measuring the quality of acoating inside a hollow body having a narrow or a small opening.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method andapparatus for measuring the quality of the coating in such hollow bodiesaccurately and in a short period of time.

These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent inlight of the following specification, and the appended drawings andclaims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus, preferablynon-destructive, for measuring the quality of a coating inside a hollowbody having an opening.

In one of its method aspects, the present invention relates to a methodfor measuring the thickness of the coating. The method comprisesattaching a probe from a coating thickness measuring device to one endof an extender arm having a flexible portion therein, placing the probeinside the hollow body through the opening, adjusting the angle of theprobe, contacting the probe with the coating inside the hollow body, andmeasuring the thickness of the coating.

In another method aspect, the present invention relates to a method formeasuring the porosity or corrosion rate of the coating. The methodcomprises attaching an electrode assembly for making potentiodynamicpolarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements toan extender arm having a flexible portion therein, filling the hollowbody with an effective amount of an electrolyte for making thepotentiodynamic polarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopymeasurements, contacting the electrode assembly with the electrolyte,and measuring the porosity or corrosion rate of the coating.

In one of its apparatus aspects, the present invention relates to anapparatus that includes a flexible extender arm for use with a coatingmeasuring device. Preferably, the coating measuring device is a coatingthickness gauge or an electrochemical device for measuring porosity orcorrosion rate. The flexible extender arm comprises an elongated,substantially rigid body portion; a handle assembly connected to one endof the substantially rigid body portion; a flexible portion connected toan opposite end of the substantially rigid body portion; a coatingmeasurement probe holder portion connected to an end of the flexibleportion opposite the substantially rigid body portion; and a pullconnected at one end thereof to the substantially rigid body portion andconnected at an opposite end thereof to the coating measurement probeholder portion. Preferably, the coating measurement probe holder portionis adapted to hold a coating thickness gauge probe or an electrodeassembly for making potentiodynamic polarization or electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopy measurements.

In another apparatus aspect, the present invention relates to a coatingthickness measuring device, preferably non-destructive, comprising ahand-held coating thickness gauge, a flexible extender arm, and acoating thickness gauge probe. The flexible extender arm is as describedabove.

In yet another apparatus aspect, the present invention relates to anelectrode assembly for making potentiodynamic polarization orelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The electrodeassembly comprises a counter electrode and a reference electrode whichare attached to one another. Preferably, the counter electrode has acoil shape and is adapted to hold the reference electrode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a flexible extender arm according tothe present invention.

FIG. 2 is an expanded view of the handle assembly of the extender armaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an expanded and cross-sectional view of the coatingmeasurement probe holder portion of the extender arm according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 is an expanded view of the flexible portion of the extender armaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates the extender arm according to the present inventionin a flexed position.

FIG. 6 shows a coating thickness measuring device according to thepresent invention inside a hollow body having a small diameter opening.

FIG. 7 is an expanded view of the electrode assembly according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates the electrode assembly of FIG. 7 attached to theflexible extender arm of FIG. 1 inside a hollow body having a smalldiameter opening.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The method for measuring the thickness of a coating inside a hollow bodyaccording to the present invention comprises several steps. The firststep involves attaching a probe from a coating thickness measuringdevice to one end of an extender arm having a flexible portion therein.The probe can be from an off-the-shelf, hand-held coating thicknessgauge. Suitable probes and coating thickness measuring devices includethose that are commercially available from companies such as Kocour Co.;Elcometer, Inc.; and ElectroPhysik USA. The extender arm, which will bemore fully described below, is designed to allow the probe to be easilyinserted into the hollow body.

Once the probe is securely attached to the extender arm, it is insertedor placed inside the hollow body through an opening thereof. Preferably,the opening is narrow or has the same or smaller diameter than thehollow body. Such hollow bodies include pipes and gas storage vesselssuch as gas cylinders and pressure vessels.

The next step involves adjusting the angle of the probe to allow it tomake physical contact with the coated surface inside the hollow bodysuch that an accurate coating thickness reading can be made. As used inthis specification and in the claims appended hereto, the angle of theprobe refers to the angle that is made by the longitudinal central axisof the probe relative to the longitudinal central axis of the extenderarm. The angle of the probe can be adjusted by disengaging or looseninga locking mechanism on the extender arm, and pushing or pulling aportion of the extender arm to flex the flexible portion thereof. Theextender arm can be designed in a manner such that the angle of theprobe can be adjusted to any angle so as to allow the probe to makephysical contact with the coated surface in order to make a coatingthickness measurement. Preferably, the angle of the probe is adjusted inthe range of from 0 to about 135°.

After the angle of the probe has been adjusted to a desired angle, theprobe is contacted with the coating surface inside the hollow body. Oncesolid contact has been made, a coating thickness measurement is made bythe coating thickness measuring device. Typically, the method formeasuring the coating thickness is the magnetic or eddy-current method.

Any of the foregoing steps may be repeated as required. For example,multiple coating thickness readings can be made at each location insidethe hollow body for statistical significance. Alternatively,measurements can be made at various locations inside of the hollow bodyto provide a surface map of the coating thickness uniformity. If thethickness falls above or below a given value, the coating may beaccepted or rejected based on the measurements.

Once all of the desired coating thickness measurements have been taken,the extender arm may be retracted to a linear position to allow it to beremoved from the inside of the hollow body.

Preferably, the method for measuring the thickness of a coating inside ahollow body according to the present invention is carried outnon-destructively. That is, the method is performed without sectioningor otherwise removing a portion of the hollow body.

The method for measuring the porosity or corrosion rate of a coatinginside a hollow body according to the present invention also includesseveral steps. The first step involves attaching an electrode assemblyfor making potentiodynamic polarization or electrochemical impedancespectroscopy measurements to an extender arm having a flexible portiontherein. Preferably, the electrode assembly comprises a counterelectrode and a reference electrode which are attached to each other forease in handling. The counter electrode and reference electrode can beattached to each other by any means known in the art such as adhesiveglue, plastic clips, elastic bands, tape, or wire ties.

Even more preferably, as shown in FIG. 7, the counter electrode 101 hasa coil, metal mesh, or annular shape and is adapted to securely hold thereference electrode 102. The counter electrode 101 includes a connectionportion 101a. The connection portion 101a is adapted to connect theelectrode assembly to the extender arm.

Counter electrodes and reference electrodes that are suitable for makingpotentiodynamic polarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopymeasurements in accordance with the present invention are commerciallyavailable and are known in the art. It is preferred by the presentinvention to use an inert metal such as titanium, platinum, or mixedmetal oxide as the counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl or a saturatedcalomel electrode as the reference electrode.

The next step involves filling the hollow body with an amount ofelectrolyte suitable for making potentiodynamic polarization orelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Typically, thehollow body is filled with enough electrolyte, e.g., 6 cm of standingelectrolyte, so as to cover the electrode assembly when it is placedinside the hollow body. Electrolytes suitable for use in the presentinvention are also known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, theelectrolyte is a dilute acid, mixture of acids, or salt solution withsufficient ionic conductivity to allow the measurements to be performed.Such acid or salt solutions include:

(1) 1-10% by weight of hydrochloric acid (HCl);

(2) 1-10% by weight of sulfuric acid (H₂ SO₄)

(3) 1-10% by weight of phosphoric acid, 0.5-3% by weight of2-butoxyethanol, 0.5-3% by weight of 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, and0.3-2% by weight of hydrofluoric acid (HF);

(4) 0.1-1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution;

(5) 0.1-1 M potassium chloride (KCl) solution;

(6) 0.1-1 M sodium sulfate (NaSO₄) solution;

(7) 0.1-0.5 M potassium ferrocyanide and 0.1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH)solution; and

(8) 5% by weight ferric chloride and 1% hydrochloric acid solution.

Once the hollow body is filled with a sufficient amount of electrolyte,the electrode assembly is contacted with the electrolyte. The electrodeassembly, which is connected to commercially available portableelectrochemical equipment, can then be used to make the potentiodynamicpolarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements fordetermining the corrosion rate and/or the porosity of the coating insidethe hollow body. Such portable electrochemical equipment can be obtainedfrom companies such as Gamry Instruments, Inc. and SolartronInstruments.

FIG. 8 depicts the method for measuring porosity or corrosion rate asdescribed above. In particular, it shows the counter electrode 101 andreference electrode 102 attached to an extender arm 103 inside of ahollow body 104 having a narrow opening. The hollow body contains anamount of electrolyte 105. The counter electrode 101 and referenceelectrode 102 have electrical leads 106 which run inside the length ofthe extender arm 103. The electrical leads 106 are connected to aportable electrochemical equipment (not shown) which provides thedesired measurements of porosity and/or corrosion rate.

The flexible extender arm according to the present invention will now bedescribed with reference to the Figures. FIG. 1 shows a flexibleextender arm according to the present invention. The flexible extenderarm is designed such that it can firmly hold a coating thickness gaugeprobe or an electrode assembly for making potentiodynamic polarizationor electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements at one endthereof. It should be sufficiently narrow so as to be able to be easilyinserted into a small diameter opening of a hollow body. When used witha coating thickness gauge probe, the flexible extender arm should besufficiently flexible so as to allow the angle of the probe to beadjusted in order to make physical contact with the coating surfaceinside the hollow body. The extender arm should also have sufficientrigidity so as to allow it to be easily handled and manipulated.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the flexible extender arm according to thepresent invention preferably comprises an elongated, substantially rigidbody portion 1. The substantially rigid body portion 1 comprises aninner tube 2 and an outer tube 3. The tubes may be may of any knownmaterial such as metal or plastic. Preferably, the tubes are made ofmetal such as stainless steel. The diameters of the inner and outertubes should be such that the inner tube 2 can longitudinally slideinside the outer tube 3.

A handle assembly 4 is connected to one end of the substantially rigidbody portion 1. The handle assembly 4 comprises a handle 5 and a lockingmechanism 6. The handle assembly 4 may be made of any known materialsuch as metal or plastic. Preferably, the handle assembly 4 is made of alight metal such as aluminum.

As seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, the handle assembly 4 is connected to theinner tube 2 by a set screw 5a at one end and to the outer tube 3 by anO-ring 7 and a nut 8 at an opposite end. The O-ring 7 and nut 8 form thelocking mechanism 6.

A flexible portion 9 is connected to an opposite end of thesubstantially rigid body portion 1. The flexible portion 9 can be madeof a flexible teflon tubing or a flexible wire spring. The flexibleportion 9 can be connected to the substantially rigid portion 1 by anyknown means such as a spot weld, adhesive glue, or a clamp-type device.The flexible portion 9 is preferably a wire spring that is glued to thesubstantially rigid portion 1.

The flexible portion 9 should be of sufficient length so as to allow theangle of the probe to be adjusted within a desired range.

The flexible extender arm according to the present invention furthercomprises a coating measurement probe holder portion 10 connected to anend of the flexible portion 9 opposite the substantially rigid bodyportion 1. The probe holder portion 10 may be connected to the flexibleportion 9 by any known means such as a threaded mechanism, a set screw,or a clamp-type device. The probe holder portion 10 can be made of anyknown material as plastic, metal, or wood. Preferably, it is made ofstainless steel.

The shape of the probe holder portion 10 is designed such that a probefrom a coating thickness measuring device or an electrode assembly formaking potentiodynamic polarization or electrochemical impedancespectroscopy measurements can be easily attached thereto. In the case ofa coating thickness gauge probe, the probe holder portion 10 preferablyhas a cavity for securely holding the probe by friction fit and/or by aset screw. See, for example, FIG. 3. In the case of an electrodeassembly, the probe holder portion 10 may be provided with a threadedmechanism for which to securely hold the electrode assembly. See, forexample, FIG. 7.

Referring again to FIG. 1, extending over the flexible portion 9 is apull 11. The pull 11 is connected at one end thereof to thesubstantially rigid body portion 1 and connected at an opposite endthereof to the coating measurement probe holder portion 10.

As seen in FIGS. 1 and 4, the flexible portion 9 is preferably connectedto the inner tube 2, and the pull 11 is preferably connected to theouter tube 3. The pull 11 may be connected to the outer tube by anyknown means in the art. Preferably, the pull 11 is attached to the outertube 3 by a built-in bracket on the outer tube 3 and a locking pin. Atthe opposite end of the pull 11, it is connected to the probe holderportion 10 by any known means. The pull 11 is preferably connected tothe probe holder portion 10 by use of a bracket spot welded to the outertube 3 and a locking pin.

In operation, when the handle assembly 4 and the inner tube 2 are pulledin the direction away from the probe holder portion 10 while the outertube 3 remains in place, the pull 11 draws on the probe holder portion10 to change its angle. Alternatively, the position of the outer tube 3may be maintained while the inner tube 2 is pushed in the direction ofthe probe holder portion 10 as shown in FIG. 5. As is readily apparent,the flexible portion 9 acts as a fulcrum and allows for the angle of theprobe holder portion 10 to be reversibly changed. In this way, the angleof the coating thickness gauge probe can be adjusted so as to makephysical contact with the inner coated surface of the hollow body toenable a coating thickness measurement to be made without the need tosection the hollow body.

Additionally, the maximum angle of the probe holder portion 10 can bepre-set by adjusting the position of the inner tube 2 in relation to thehandle 5 and the outer tube 3, and tightening the set screw 5a onto theinner tube 2. The handle 5 and inner tube 2 then move together inrelation to the outer tube 3. In practice, this is accomplished byloosening the O-ring 7 and nut 8, and sliding the handle 5 and innertube 2 to obtain the desired angle of the probe holder portion 10. TheO-ring 7 and nut 8 are then tightened, locking the handle 5 and innertube 2 relative to the outer tube 3 so that the angle does not varyduring measurement.

The overall length of the flexible extender arm according to the presentinvention and its reachable distance may vary depending on the size ofthe hollow body to be measured. Preferably, the reachable distance ofthe flexible extender arm is about 60 inches.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the flexible extender armcomprises a cavity extending throughout its length for runningelectrical wires or cables from the probe to the coating thicknessmeasuring device.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a coating thicknessmeasuring device, preferably non-destructive, for measuring thethickness of a coating inside a hollow body having a narrow opening. Asseen in FIG. 6, the device preferably comprises a hand-held coatingthickness gauge 20, a flexible extender arm 30, and a coating thicknessgauge probe 40 inside a hollow body with a small diameter opening 50.The flexible extender arm 30 is as described above. In addition, itpreferably comprises markings 61, 62, and 63 to indicate the angle ofthe probe, the direction the probe is pointing in, and the depth of theprobe inside the hollow body, respectively.

As will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the flexibleextender arm according to the present invention can be adapted for avariety of uses such as water-jet cleaning, optical-imaging and visualmeasurements, electrochemical measurements, or other operations thatneed to be performed inside a hollow body having a small diameteropening. In such circumstances, the design of the probe holder portion10 would be modified to accommodate the particular application. All suchuses and applications are contemplated by and are within the scope ofthe present invention.

Moreover, while the invention has been described with reference to theFigures and the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood thatvariations and modifications may be resorted to as will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. Such variations and modifications are to beconsidered within the purview and the scope of the claims appendedhereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for measuring porosity or corrosion rateof a coating inside a hollow body, said method comprising the stepsof:(a) attaching an electrode assembly for making potentiodynamicpolarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements toan extender arm having a flexible portion therein; (b) filling saidhollow body with an effective amount of an electrolyte for making saidpotentiodynamic polarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopymeasurements; (c) contacting said electrode assembly with saidelectrolyte; and (d) measuring the porosity or corrosion rate of thecoating.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said electrodeassembly comprises a counter electrode attached to a referenceelectrode.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said counterelectrode is coiled and is adapted to hold said reference electrode. 4.The method according to claim 1, wherein the hollow body is a gasstorage vessel.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the gasstorage vessel is a gas cylinder.
 6. A method for measuring porosity orcorrosion rate of a coating inside a hollow body, said method comprisingthe steps of:(a) attaching an electrode assembly for makingpotentiodynamic polarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopymeasurements to a flexible extender arm which comprises:(i) anelongated, substantially rigid body portion; (ii) a handle assemblyconnected to one end of said substantially rigid body portion; (iii) aflexible portion connected to an opposite end of said substantiallyrigid body portion; (iv) an electrode assembly holder portion connectedto an end of said flexible portion opposite said substantially rigidportion; and (v) a pull connected at one end thereof to saidsubstantially rigid body portion and connected at an opposite endthereof to said electrode assembly holder portion; (b) filling saidhollow body with an effective amount of an electrolyte for making saidpotentiodynamic polarization or electrochemical impedance spectroscopymeasurements; (c) contacting said electrode assembly with saidelectrolyte; and (d) measuring the porosity or corrosion rate of thecoating.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said electrodeassembly comprises a counter electrode attached to a referenceelectrode.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said counterelectrode is coiled and is adapted to hold said reference electrode. 9.The method according to claim 6, wherein the hollow body is a gasstorage vessel.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the gasstorage vessel is a gas cylinder.